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 NEW Campagnolo Super RECORD 11 speed Front Derailleur 35mm Clamp-on US $155.00 
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 SRAM X7 3x10 Speed 31.8mm FRONT DERAILLEUR HIGH CLAMP US $47.95
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 T304 3" MILD STEEL TURBO/CHARGER EXHAUST DOWNPIPE/DOWN PIPE PIPING MUFFLER CLAMP US $8.98
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 Shimano 2012 FD-M786 XT 2x10 Speed MTB Front Derailleur High Clamp - Silver US $50.95
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 T304 2.5"MILD STEEL TURBO EXHAUST DOWNPIPE/DOWN PIPE PIPING/HEADER/MUFFLER CLAMP US $8.98
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 Vintage Brake Lever Universal Clamp Bolt and Nut - 10 Speed Type - NOS US $2.00
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 SRAM XX 2x10 speed MTB Front Derailleur 31.8mm High Clamp Bottom Pull US $99.00
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 Campagnolo 2012 Super Record 11 Speed Front Derailleur Clamp On 35 mm Band 34.9 US $163.95
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 8 X 2.5" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $10.99
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 SRAM X0 3x10 Speed 38.2mm FRONT DERAILLEUR LOW CLAMP XO US $81.95
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 dura ace front derailleur fd-7800 10 speed clamp on 31.8 US $59.00
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 SPEEDAIRE Clamp, Speed 4ZK25 US $6.00
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 Shimano Dura-Ace 7800 2x10 speed Clamp on 34.9mm US $79.99
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 T304 2.5" ZINC COATED TURBO INTERCOOLER EXHAUST DOWN PIPE V-BAND CLAMPS+FLANGE US $23.98
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 67 SCHWINN STINGRAY ORANGE KRATE/ FASTBACK 5 SPEED DOUBLE CLAMP NICE SHAPE L@@K US $8.99
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 Sram X9 3 x 9-Speed Front Derailleur 34.9 mm High Clamp Top Pull US $20.00
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 68 SCHWINN STINGRAY ORANGE KRATE/ FASTBACK 5 SPEED DOUBLE CLAMP NICE SHAPE L@@K US $20.00
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 SRAM X7 2x10 Speed 31.8/34.9mm Front MTB Derailleur Low Clamp US $47.95
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 Shimano FD-M771 XT 3x9 speed High Clamp Mountain Bike Front Derailleur US $50.95
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 Campagnolo 10 Speed Chorus 35 mm Clamp On Front Derailleur NOS in box US $68.00
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 16 X 3" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $27.98
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 SRAM X7 2x10 Speed 34.9mm Clamp Front MTB Derailleur High Clamp US $47.95
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 4 X 2.5" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $9.99
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 SRAM X9 2x10 Speed 31.8 FRONT DERAILLEUR HIGH CLAMP X-9 US $64.95
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 VINTAGE BICYCLE FIXIE 3 SPEED SHIFTER BRAKE CABLE CLAMP US $9.99
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 3"SHORT RAM/COLD INTAKE ROUND TAPERED CONE HEAT SHIELD CLAMP-ON AIR FILTER GREEN US $17.98
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 DMR Speed Guide Chain Tensioner clamp size 34.9mm US $19.99
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 Campagnolo Veloce 10 speed Front Derailleur 35mm clamp 10sp black 2011 near MINT US $54.95
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 Campagnolo Chorus Qs 9 Speed / 10 Speed Double Clamp-On Front Derailleur 32mm US $69.99
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 UNIVERSAL 8PC 3" ALUMINUM FMIC INTERCOOLER PIPING+SILICONE HOSE+ T-CLAMP BLACK US $119.98
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 UNIVERSAL 8PC 3" ALUMINUM FMIC INTERCOOLER PIPING+SILICONE HOSE+T-CLAMP SILVER US $109.98
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 Heel Plate "Clamp & Screw" Assembly for Ludwig Speed King Pedal US $1.39
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 2 X 3" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTERCOOLER EXHAUST DOWN PIPE V-BAND CLAMPS US $19.98
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 Campagnolo 1997 9 speed Record front 28.6mm clamp on derailleur (NIB) US $89.00
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 2011 SRAM Force Front Mech Derailleur 10 Speed, 31.8mm Clamp-On Type US $54.92
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 New Stage 4 Extra Heavy Duty Dodge Ram 2500 3500 Cummins Diesel 5 Speed US $481.69
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 Marvel High Speed Power Hacksaw 4 speeds, 6.5" clamp US $499.00
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 2 X 3" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $5.99
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 2 X 2.5" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTERCOOLER EXHAUST DOWN PIPE V-BAND CLAMPS US $19.98
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 2 X 2.5" 3-PLY 90-DEGREE ELBOW TURBO/INTAKE SILICONE REDUCER HOSES+T-CLAMPS BLUE US $27.98
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 SCHWINN STINGRAY AND OTHERS SET OF 2 SINGLE CLAMPS FOR 3 SPEED MODELS US $9.99
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 Shimano Dura Ace 7700 Front Derailleur // 9 speed Road Bike 28.6mm clamp US $49.99
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 4 X 3" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $9.99
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 8X 2.25" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $10.99
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 Sunrace 6 7 speed Clamp On Down Tube Shifters - Index - Friction -Shimano Sram US $10.00
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 5/16 Stainless Steel Brake Line Clamps SS312FLCS/6 US $14.99
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 3/8 Stainless Steel Fuel Line Clamps SS375FLCS/6 US $15.99
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 5/16" Stainless Steel DB Fuel / Transmission Line Clamps SS312FLCDB/2 US $6.99
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 SRAM XX 2x10 speed MTB Front Derailleur 38.2mm High Clamp Top Pull US $125.95
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 4 X 2.75" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $9.99
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 2X 2.25" STAINLESS ZINC COATED TURBO INTAKE INTERCOOLER SILICONE T-BOLT CLAMPS US $5.99
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 SRAM X9 Speed Front Derailleur 31.8 Top Pull High clamp US $51.00
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 Rox Speed FX Pivoting Handlebar Risers 2" Rise 7/8" Stem Clamp 7/8" Bar Dia NEW US $31.00
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 Rox Speed FX Pivoting Handlebar Risers 2" Rise 1-1/8" Stem Clamp 1-1/8" Dia NEW US $9.99
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 Campagnolo Chorus 11 Speed Double Clamp-On Front Derailleur 32mm US $69.99
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 BRAND NEW CAMPAGNOLO DAYTONA FRONT DERAILLEUR 10 SPEED CLAMP-ON US $36.99
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 XS650 Upper Triple Tree Clamp US $118.00
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Speed Clamp
Ceramic cutting tool speed finite element analysis
A functionally gradient ceramic tool of three-dimensional calculation model of mechanical stress
Functionally gradient ceramic tools because of its composition changes in the distribution of a certain gradient, so under the conditions of high speed cutting ability of the anti breakage than ordinary ceramic tools has improved significantly. But in low speed cutting, functionally gradient ceramic tool capacity and resistance to breakage than ordinary ceramic tool is not much advantage. Small low-speed cutting thermal stress, mechanical stress is the main tool breakage. Finite element method by cutting the time of the analysis of functionally gradient ceramic tools can be obtained and the mechanical stress.
Figure 1 shows the calculation model for the mechanical stress. Place knife blade slot, knife blade bottom surface binding negative z-axis displacement of blade rake face of the plate bound z-axis positive displacement blade, knife blade slot of the two side constraints of x and y to the displacement, surface and bottom knife blade around the plate also limited x-axis and y-axis spin, knife blade around the slot limit the sides of z axis. In this way, the blades 6 degrees of freedom are all bound.
In the cutting process, the tool cutting forces Fr bear with FZ, Fy and Fx three components. As a result of the finite element method calculation of cutting force to be applied at all nodes, it assumes that the cutting force along the tool - chip contact length direction of the triangle, and along the main and auxiliary cutting edge direction is uniformly distributed. By a document known, SG-4 ceramic cutting tools in machining hardened high carbon tool steel cutting force when the empirical formula for the Fz = 34444ap0.88f0.65v-0.12 (1)
Assume that FY = 0.5Fz (2) FX = 0.8Fz (3) Table 1 of two ceramic cutting tools in a variety of cutting speeds of three-dimensional cutting force component value v (m / min) 50100150Fz (N) 74.968.965.4FX (N) 59.955.152.3FY (N) 37.534.532.7
Table 1 FG-2 functionally gradient ceramic tool (assuming equation (1) ~ (3) also applies to the FG-2) and SG-4 ordinary ceramic cutting tools in a variety of cutting speeds of three-dimensional cutting force component value. Among them, the cutting speed were taken v = 50m/min, v = 100m/min, v = 150m/min, feed rate f = 0.05mm / r, back knife to eat the amount ap = 0.2mm, the workpiece material for the T10A (hardness 59.5 HRC). FG-2 levels in the physical properties of Table 2 (SG-4 of the physical properties of the first layer of FG-2 the same).
As far tip clamp dot pitch, the clamping force on the stress state near the tip has little effect, so from time to consider the impact of clamping force; same time, because the surface of ceramic blade is smooth, the friction coefficient is small, so clamping friction effects can not be considered. Measure of material damage theory of maximum tensile stress (Principal) theory, the maximum shear stress (Tresca) theory, the maximum distortion energy (Mises) theory, the Mohr theory. Fatigue failure for brittle materials the maximum stress theory should be adopted and the maximum shear stress theory; for brittle material ductile failure should adopt the maximum distortion energy theory. Functionally gradient ceramic tools for high-speed cutting, the existing fatigue damage, but also the plastic tip temperature is too high causing damage, it should be calculated within the functionally gradient ceramic tool maximum stress, maximum shear stress and the maximum shape change energy (Mises) stress. Table 2FG-2 levels the proportion of the physical properties of layer number r
(G · cm-3) thermal conductivity k (20 )
[W · (mK) -1] the specific heat C (20 )
[Cal · (gK) -1] thermal expansion coefficient a (20 )
(× 106/K-1) elastic modulus E
(GPa) Poisson's ratio v45.66635.160.1277.660424.70.2423/55.9434.350.1217.522432.60.2392/66.2233.550.1157.386440.70.2351/76.5032.770.1107.251448.90.232
2 Three-dimensional mechanical stress field results and analysis
Figure 2 for the FG-2 and SG-4 the maximum Mises stress of two knives and cutting speed curves. Figure 3 is the maximum shear stress of two knives and cutting speed curves. Figure 4 shows two kinds of maximum stress and the tool cutting speed curve. As can be seen from the figure, FG-2 and SG-4 of the maximum Mises stress, maximum shear stress and maximum tensile stress is almost identical, indicating that functionally gradient ceramic tool material against damage caused by mechanical stress with the normal ceramic tool materials there was no significant advantage. Finite element results show that: the three cutting speeds FG-2 of the rake face of the Mises stress field and SG-4 is basically the same, are the largest in the Corner Office Mises stress, plastic, therefore prone to damage here.
Figure 2FG-2 and SG-4 of the maximum Mises stress of the relationship between the curve and the cutting speed
Figure 3FG-2 and SG-4 of the maximum shear stress and the relationship between cutting speed curve
Figure 4FG-2 and SG-4 of the maximum tensile stress curve with the cutting speed
Figure 5v = 50m/min main FG-2 when the maximum tensile stress field flank
Figure 6v = 50m/min SG-4 when the maximum principal tensile stress field flank
Figure 5 and Figure 6 were FG-2 and SG-4 in v = 50m/min flank when the maximum principal tensile stress field. The figure shows the two main cutting tool flank is no difference between the maximum tensile stress field, the maximum tensile stress field in the vicinity from the rake face, can be deduced here shall be a breach of the location of the rake face flaking .
3 Conclusion
Functionally gradient ceramic tool ceramic cutting tools and general consistent with the mechanical stress field, both the maximum Mises stress within the tool, the maximum shear stress and maximum tensile stress is basically the same. As the low-speed cutting tool breakage ceramic mechanical stress is the main reason, therefore functionally gradient ceramic tool at low cutting ability and resistance to breakage than ordinary ceramic tool is not much advantage.
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